VirtuAnalytics

Novel Insights Through Data & Analysis

Virtua Fighter 5 REVO · v1.10 · Region: Asia

Wolf

Akama-HALO

  • Goh
  • Jean
  • Aoi
  • Vanessa
  • Jeffry
  • Shun
  • Lion
  • Pai
  • Kage
  • Jacky
  • Akira
  • Brad
  • Sarah
  • Lei Fei
  • Lau
  • Eileen
Career matches2,304
Career win rate66.4%
Round win rate57.5%
Peak rank33
Distinct opponents124
Period2026/03/26 – 2026/10/18

Elo rating

Overall, and on each character played 10+ times

1636 #1,126 of 3,686 on the Elo list →

The overall rating moves on every match, whatever was picked; a character's rating adds this player's own adjustment on it. Both run from every recorded match since v1.10; how they are worked out is on the Elo list.

Characters played — VF5's own record

Wolf3237324612766.0%
Jeffry332721749864.0%
Shun322171348361.8%
Kage301851265968.1%
Aoi29170987257.6%
Jean301631026162.6%
Akira32124853968.5%
Goh30114734164.0%
Jacky3095672870.5%
Lau3091652671.4%
Eileen2890721880.0%
Vanessa3090563462.2%
Pai2981562569.1%
Sarah2970581282.9%
Brad2967481971.6%
Lion2857381966.7%
Lei Fei2945311468.9%

These are the totals VF5 keeps for each character, read from the newest replay stored for it. They cover the player's whole ranked career and take no period.

Inputs per second

871 of 1,309 rounds counted

6.7 inputs a second (400 a minute) this season. Faster than 36% of the 4,069 regulars with enough rounds counted to compare.

By character played

Goh6.639665
Jean6.4386124
Aoi6.5387118
Vanessa6.438686
Shun6.841030
Lion7.041970
Wolf7.041852
Pai6.841077
Kage6.639717
Jacky6.337761
Akira6.941759
Brad7.142433
Sarah6.438538
Lei Fei6.63977
Lau7.142813
Eileen7.243421

By opponent's character

Akira6.5390125
Jacky6.8410107
Wolf6.8410110
Sarah6.438486
Brad6.539048
Jeffry6.840650
El Blaze6.941634
Pai6.840539
Shun6.539229
Lei Fei6.337921
Goh6.941346
Kage6.840833
Lau6.740021
Lion6.438533
Aoi6.538933
Jean7.042219
Eileen7.04188
Vanessa6.639421
Taka6.43838

An input is any change on the controller (a new stick direction, a button pressed or released) from the bell to the moment a round is decided, over the live time of the round. Only rounds whose inputs have been decoded are counted. Who you face changes the pace too: see the inputs-per-second article under News.

Against each character

Akira4135685.4%+18.2
Jacky32211165.6%+3.2
Wolf31191261.3%-11.4
Sarah2921872.4%+10.3
Brad21101147.6%-17.8
Jeffry2012860.0%-7.2
El Blaze1611568.8%+6.5
Pai1511473.3%+1.9
Shun1512380.0%+15.2
Lei Fei149564.3%+2.9
Goh134930.8%-35.6
Kage1211191.7%+28.4
Lau125741.7%-22.9
Lion106460.0%-2.6
Aoi94544.4%-23.4
Jean95455.6%-7.5
Eileen880100.0%+35.0
Vanessa84450.0%-13.4
Taka31233.3%-29.8

0 of 3 rows differ from what this player's level and their opponents' ranks predict, once the test allows for asking 3 questions at once; about 0.2 would by chance alone.

A matchup row is the particular people played on that character, not the character in general: one strong regular moves it as much as the matchup does.

By ring shape

Single Wall50302060.0%-10.5
Rectangle35251071.4%+4.6
Breakable Full Fence31201164.5%-0.3
Half Fence31211067.7%+1.0
Full Fence30191163.3%+0.7
Octagon30141646.7%-20.8
Low Fence2823582.1%+20.4
Breakable Half Fence26161061.5%-5.0
Open24141058.3%-5.3
Full Fence and Open1310376.9%+14.3

0 of 6 rows differ from what this player's level and their opponents' ranks predict, once the test allows for asking 6 questions at once; about 0.3 would by chance alone.

With or without walls

StagesMatchesWin %Expectedvs expected
Walls18362.8%65.6%-2.7
No walls10265.7%66.1%-0.4

Walls against open: -2.4 points (95% range -15.2 to +10.6), p 0.721 — no measurable difference.

The fence-and-open stages and Training Room are on neither side, as on the stage report.

How these are tested
  • Each match gets an expected result from the two players' ranks, read off the ladder's rank-against-rank win rates, and shifted by one number per player so the expected wins add up to the actual ones. A row's gap is how far above that expectation it sits, against the same measure over the player's other matches.
  • Matches against the same opponent are not independent, so each test is widened by how unevenly this player's results fall across the people they played. Rows under 30 decided matches or 10 different opponents on either side carry no test, and each table is corrected for the number of rows tested in it.
  • Not adjusted for: how strong an opponent is for their rank. Rank carries most of it; the rest needs a rating model.

Most played opponents

Most played opponents, most recent first

Ka2 (Rank 30)2026/08/28105550.0%
佐藤です (Rank 30)2026/08/24113827.3%
ガンオンやりたひ (Rank 30)2026/08/18550100.0%
弱者 (Rank 29)2026/08/1863350.0%
REFAUZ (Rank 31)2026/08/1854180.0%
CELIS (Rank 27)2026/08/18440100.0%
37 (Rank 27)2026/07/3165183.3%
え~る (Rank 30)2026/07/2985362.5%
TaKaArAsHi573 (Rank 25)2026/07/2876185.7%
こて (Rank 27)2026/07/2243175.0%
gans.sk602 (Rank 32)2026/07/22440100.0%
壱色淸淨 (Rank 27)2026/07/0652340.0%
やんくみ (Rank 26)2026/07/0573442.9%
jiwoonpk (Rank 31)2026/07/054040.0%
送分童子 (Rank 26)2026/06/30440100.0%
a_h_i_k_o (Rank 26)2026/06/2554180.0%
방가방가 (Rank 27)2026/06/2564266.7%
BANANA (Rank 29)2026/06/2376185.7%
emespink (Rank 27)2026/06/22440100.0%
mmmsm (Rank 29)2026/05/2243175.0%
AMUSEUM (Rank 32)2026/05/2042250.0%
cokeshi (Rank 26)2026/05/0643175.0%
南部の釣れないルアー (Rank 29)2026/05/0654180.0%
사비타 (Rank 27)2026/05/06660100.0%
sraosha1 (Rank 28)2026/04/2464266.7%

Round openings

Every character

guardG into throw escape987.5%
throw escape735.6%
backdash into evade up564.3%
backdash into evade down544.1%
forward movement into punchP463.5%
backdash into throw escape191.4%
backdash into Oihiji4P+K151.1%
backdash into Soukyu46P141.1%
crouch into Haisenchu Kaikakyaku1PK141.1%
backdash into Head Attack46P+K120.9%
backdash into Kenka Hook46P120.9%
Defensive Style: guard into throw escape110.8%
Defensive Style: guard into Stinger Low Blow1P+K100.8%
forward movement into Jab Straight100.8%
guardG100.8%

542 further openings account for the other 858 rounds.

Goh

Career
73–41 · 64.0%
This season
37 matches · 78.4%
Peak rank
30

First hit in 46.1% of 154 rounds. Won 62.0% of the rounds they struck first, 63.9% of the rounds they were struck first.

Significant Tells

Too few rounds to test opener patterns.

How is this tested?

backdash into Soukyu46P149.1%
backdash into evade up138.4%
guardG into throw escape117.1%
backdash into Sune Kudaki43P74.5%
backdash into evade down74.5%
backdash into Hiji'ate6P53.2%
backdash into Kirin33P53.2%
backdash into Karura4P+K42.6%
backdash into Kyousengeri46K42.6%
backdash into Ni'oudaoshi3K+G42.6%
throw escape42.6%
backdash into Garyu66K31.9%
backdash into Kokuryusatsu Ni46P+KP31.9%
guardG31.9%
backdash into Kokuryusatsu Todome46P+KPP21.3%

59 further openings account for the other 65 rounds.

Jean

Career
102–61 · 62.6%
This season
32 matches · 59.4%
Peak rank
30

First hit in 47.6% of 124 rounds. Won 59.3% of the rounds they struck first, 46.1% of the rounds they were struck first.

Significant Tells

Too few rounds to test opener patterns.

How is this tested?

backdash into Oihiji4P+K1512.1%
throw escape1411.3%
guardG into throw escape1310.5%
backdash into Enpi Kurenai Naraku2P+K75.7%
backdash into Gyaku Seikenzuki66P75.7%
backdash into evade up75.7%
forward movement into punchP75.7%
backdash into Ryoutezuki66P+K54.0%
backdash into evade down43.2%
backdash into Yoko'enpi6P32.4%
guardG into Oihiji4P+K32.4%
backdash into Hangetsu NirenzukiP+K21.6%
backdash into Nozuchi1P+K21.6%
backdash into Shutoukiri~Ushirogeri4PK21.6%
backdash into punchP21.6%

29 further openings account for the other 31 rounds.

Aoi

Career
98–72 · 57.6%
This season
29 matches · 62.1%
Peak rank
29

First hit in 49.1% of 118 rounds. Won 56.9% of the rounds they struck first, 60.0% of the rounds they were struck first.

Significant Tells

Too few rounds to test opener patterns.

How is this tested?

guardG into throw escape2016.9%
back punch+kick+guard4P+K+G75.9%
backdash into evade up75.9%
backdash into Sou'unha66K65.1%
backdash into evade down65.1%
backdash into Tsukiashibarai1P43.4%
throw escape43.4%
backdash into back punch+kick+guard4P+K+G32.5%
forward movement into Nirentotsu OuchuPPP32.5%
Ougimai4P into Tenchi In'youP+K+G21.7%
Ryoushi43P into forward dash21.7%
Tenchi In'youP+K+G21.7%
backdash into Hou'oushu3P21.7%
backdash into Nami'okoshi3K+G21.7%
backdash into Ougimai4P21.7%

44 further openings account for the other 46 rounds.

Vanessa

Career
56–34 · 62.2%
This season
27 matches · 59.3%
Peak rank
30

First hit in 22.3% of 112 rounds. Won 48.0% of the rounds they struck first, 58.6% of the rounds they were struck first.

Significant Tells

Too few rounds to test opener patterns.

How is this tested?

Defensive Style: guard into throw escape119.8%
Defensive Style: guard into Stinger Low Blow1P+K108.9%
Defensive Style: backdash into Stinger Low Blow1P+K87.1%
Defensive Style: backdash into evade up87.1%
Defensive Style: Wind Elbow43.6%
Defensive Style: throw escape43.6%
Defensive Style: Stinger Low Blow into crouch32.7%
Defensive Style: backdash into Heel Kick6K+G32.7%
Defensive Style: backdash into evade down32.7%
Defensive Style: crouch into Low Spin Slicer2K+G32.7%
Defensive Style: evade down into guardG32.7%
Defensive Style: guard32.7%
Defensive Style: guard into evade down32.7%
Defensive Style: Parrying High Kick (Deflect) into Parrying Combination46KP21.8%
Defensive Style: backdash into Spinning Savate66K+G21.8%

38 further openings account for the other 42 rounds.

Jeffry

Career
174–98 · 64.0%
This season
24 matches · 54.2%
Peak rank
33

Significant Tells

Too few rounds to test opener patterns.

How is this tested?

backdash into Head Attack46P+K1212.4%
backdash into Kenka Hook46P1212.4%
backdash into Middle Hell Stab6P+K66.2%
forward movement into Double KnucklePP66.2%
backdash into Megaton Knuckle43P+K44.1%
backdash into evade down44.1%
backdash into Grizzly Hammer1PP33.1%
backdash into Hammer Slide1P33.1%
backdash into Torpedo Head Butt4P+K33.1%
Hammer Slide1P22.1%
backdash into Double Hammer Down43P22.1%
backdash into Elbow Butt6P22.1%
backdash into Heavy Back Knuckle4P22.1%
backdash into Hell Dunk Elbow2P+K22.1%
backdash into Knee Push Wild Hook4KP22.1%

30 further openings account for the other 32 rounds.

Shun

Career
134–83 · 61.8%
This season
23 matches · 78.3%
Peak rank
32

Significant Tells

Too few rounds to test opener patterns.

How is this tested?

crouch into Haisenchu Kaikakyaku1PK1414.6%
backdash into Gyou'in Haishu3P88.3%
throw escape77.3%
backdash into throw escape44.2%
backward movement into Kasen Chugeki6P44.2%
backdash into evade down33.1%
guardG into throw escape33.1%
Dokuritsu Kanpai46P+K22.1%
Getsuga Gakushu46P into Getsuga Gyou'in46PP+K22.1%
Haisenchu1P into backdash22.1%
backdash into Haisenchu1P22.1%
backdash into Shinho Suikoushu43P+K22.1%
backdash into Tenshin Souchushou6P+K22.1%
backdash into evade up22.1%
crouch into Gyou'in Haishu3P22.1%

36 further openings account for the other 37 rounds.

Lion

Career
38–19 · 66.7%
This season
21 matches · 71.4%
Peak rank
28

Significant Tells

Too few rounds to test opener patterns.

How is this tested?

guardG into throw escape1111.8%
throw escape99.7%
forward movement into punchP66.5%
backdash into evade up55.4%
backdash into Touku Gekishou9P33.2%
backdash into Tourou Teihozen (Deflect)4P+K+G33.2%
guardG33.2%
guardG into evade up33.2%
Attai2K into Tousentai2KK+G22.1%
backdash into Senshippo66P22.1%
backdash into Touku Rigou Bantaitetsu46K+G22.1%
backdash into evade down22.1%
evade down into throw escape22.1%
guardG into Tousentai2KK+G22.1%
Banchu6P into Banchu Renkanshu6PP11.1%

37 further openings account for the other 37 rounds.

Wolf

Career
246–127 · 66.0%
This season
21 matches · 42.9%
Peak rank
32

Significant Tells

Too few rounds to test opener patterns.

How is this tested?

backdash into evade down55.8%
forward movement into Jab StraightPP55.8%
forward movement into punchP55.8%
Rolling Savate6K+G into forward movement44.6%
backdash into Elbow Butt4P44.6%
backdash into One-Hand Reverse Hammer4P+K44.6%
backdash into Rolling Savate6K+G44.6%
backdash into Toe Kick Side4K+GK44.6%
throw escape44.6%
backdash into Heavy Middle Kick3K+G33.5%
crouch into Heavy Middle Kick3K+G33.5%
guardG into Short Shoulder46P+K33.5%
Body Blow6P22.3%
Low Drop Kick62K22.3%
Rolling Savate6K+G22.3%

26 further openings account for the other 33 rounds.

Pai

Career
56–25 · 69.1%
This season
19 matches · 47.4%
Peak rank
29

Significant Tells

Too few rounds to test opener patterns.

How is this tested?

backdash into evade up810.4%
crouch into down-back kick1K67.8%
throw escape67.8%
backdash into throw escape56.5%
forward movement into punchP45.2%
guardG into throw escape45.2%
backdash into Honrakukyaku46K+G33.9%
backdash into Tenshin Oushoushou46P+K33.9%
backdash into evade down33.9%
backdash into Hi'en Rekkyaku9KK22.6%
backdash into Honshin Soukyaku1K+G22.6%
backdash into Tenshi Katsumentai Haishin2P+KK22.6%
Hi'en Tankyaku9K into Hi'en Rekkyaku9KK11.3%
RenshouPP into RaigekishouPPP11.3%
Souanshou3P+K into guardG11.3%

26 further openings account for the other 26 rounds.

Kage

Career
126–59 · 68.1%
This season
16 matches · 56.2%
Peak rank
30

Significant Tells

Too few rounds to test opener patterns.

How is this tested?

guardG into throw escape45.9%
backdash into Fusenjin3P34.4%
backdash into Urasuisha3K+G34.4%
backdash into evade down34.4%
forward movement into punchP34.4%
throw escape34.4%
Ryubisen44K+G22.9%
Senpugeri7K22.9%
backdash into Fujin Urasuisha2P+KK22.9%
backdash into Gen'you4K+G22.9%
backdash into Hagakure-ryu In Fujingeki46P+KP22.9%
backdash into Nagiharai6P+K22.9%
backdash into evade up22.9%
crouch into Fujin Urasuisha2P+KK22.9%
forward dash into Fusenjin3P22.9%

31 further openings account for the other 31 rounds.

Jacky

Career
67–28 · 70.5%
This season
15 matches · 93.3%
Peak rank
30

Significant Tells

Too few rounds to test opener patterns.

How is this tested?

guardG into throw escape914.8%
backdash into Spin Heel Sword4K+G69.8%
throw escape69.8%
backdash into Middle Spin Kick46K+G34.9%
forward movement into punchP34.9%
guardG into Spin Heel Sword4K+G34.9%
backdash into Chopping Blow2P+K23.3%
backdash into Head Hook Kick3K+G23.3%
forward movement into Jab Double StraightPPP23.3%
guardG into backdash23.3%
Double Dragon9K into evade up11.6%
Groin Kick6K+G11.6%
Spinning Back Knuckle4P11.6%
backdash into Beat KnuckleP+K11.6%
backdash into Dragon Combination 31P+KPP11.6%

18 further openings account for the other 18 rounds.

Akira

Career
85–39 · 68.5%
This season
13 matches · 61.5%
Peak rank
32

Significant Tells

Too few rounds to test opener patterns.

How is this tested?

backdash into evade down58.5%
backdash into Goko Shutsudou3K+GP46.8%
backdash into Hekishou43P46.8%
backdash into Jouho Senshou46P35.1%
backdash into Jouho Touken6P35.1%
backdash into Sayu Kaikyu4PP35.1%
forward movement into punchP35.1%
guardG into Chouyoushu1P35.1%
forward dash into Jouho Touken6P23.4%
guardG into Hekishou43P23.4%
guardG into Jouho Senshou46P23.4%
guardG into throw escape23.4%
Chouyoushu1P11.7%
Jouho Touken6P11.7%
Jouho Touken6P into crouch11.7%

20 further openings account for the other 20 rounds.

Brad

Career
48–19 · 71.6%
This season
11 matches · 63.6%
Peak rank
29

Significant Tells

Too few rounds to test opener patterns.

How is this tested?

throw escape1021.3%
backdash into Sway Back4P+K+G714.9%
guardG into throw escape612.8%
forward movement into punchP36.4%
Sway Back4P+K+G into punchP24.3%
forward movement into Jab StraightPP24.3%
Dtee Sawk Dtrohng4P+K12.1%
Elbow Hook6P12.1%
Sawk Klab6P+K into forward dash12.1%
Sharp Shoot1P12.1%
backdash into Dtee Sawk Dtrohng4P+K12.1%
backdash into Jaguar Tail2K+G12.1%
backdash into Sawk Klab6P+K12.1%
backdash into Sharp Shoot1P12.1%
backdash into evade down12.1%

8 further openings account for the other 8 rounds.

Sarah

Career
58–12 · 82.9%
This season
10 matches · 90.0%
Peak rank
29

Significant Tells

Too few rounds to test opener patterns.

How is this tested?

backdash into evade down820.0%
backdash into evade up512.5%
guardG into throw escape37.5%
forward movement into Jab StraightPP25.0%
forward movement into punchP25.0%
backdash12.5%
backdash into Crescent Heel4K+G12.5%
backdash into Double Rise Kick4P+K12.5%
backdash into Hide Side Kick (Deflect)P+K12.5%
backdash into Serpent Toe Kick2P+K12.5%
backdash into Setup Combination3PK12.5%
backdash into Storm Combination6P+KPK12.5%
backdash into throwP+G12.5%
backdash into throw escape12.5%
backward movement into throw escape12.5%

10 further openings account for the other 10 rounds.

Lei Fei

Career
31–14 · 68.9%
This season
9 matches · 77.8%
Peak rank
29

Significant Tells

Too few rounds to test opener patterns.

How is this tested?

guardG into throw escape515.6%
backdash into throw escape26.2%
forward movement into punchP26.2%
forward movement into throw escape26.2%
Kochouheki (Deflect)236P+K13.1%
Toushou66P into Kakushu Suigeki6P13.1%
Zaban Hekishou66P+K into Gaiken6P+K13.1%
backdash into Kakushu Suigeki6P13.1%
backdash into Kyo Shiki4P+K+G13.1%
backdash into Kyuho Soufuken46P+K13.1%
backdash into Renkan Geimenshou3PP13.1%
backdash into Rousou Senka43P13.1%
backdash into Tenshi Ryusentai6K+G13.1%
backdash into Toushou66P13.1%
backdash into evade up13.1%

10 further openings account for the other 10 rounds.

Lau

Career
65–26 · 71.4%
This season
6 matches · 100.0%
Peak rank
30

Significant Tells

Too few rounds to test opener patterns.

How is this tested?

forward movement into punchP415.4%
guardG into throw escape415.4%
backdash into Tenshin EngekishouP+K311.5%
backdash into evade up311.5%
throw escape27.7%
Chugeki6P13.9%
Honshin Hekiken1P+K into guardG13.9%
backdash into Chisoutai2K+G13.9%
backdash into Gako Choushitsu6K13.9%
backdash into Ko'en Souken2P+K13.9%
backdash into Souko Sensou66P+K13.9%
backdash into Touku Kosenkyaku9K13.9%
backdash into evade down13.9%
evade down into Souko Sensou66P+K13.9%
punchP into crouch13.9%

Eileen

Career
72–18 · 80.0%
This season
5 matches · 60.0%
Peak rank
28

Significant Tells

Too few rounds to test opener patterns.

How is this tested?

backdash into Enkou Kenka46P314.3%
backdash into Douchu6P29.5%
forward movement into Enkou RensouPP29.5%
guardG into evade down29.5%
throw escape29.5%
backdash into Honshin Senputai6K+G14.8%
backdash into Kesshi Hanbi46K+G14.8%
backdash into RententaiPK14.8%
backdash into Ribyou Hoso43P+K14.8%
backdash into evade down14.8%
backdash into throw escape14.8%
evade down into Matsumensou4P+K14.8%
evade down into guardG14.8%
forward movement into Rensou HekizanPPP14.8%
throw escape into offensive move14.8%

How these are tested

A tell is a habit in how this player starts a round: something they do clearly more often in one situation than in the others — backing off more in round 2, say, or opening with one move more against one character. Each situation is compared with how they actually opened their rounds, and a tell is listed only if it is too strong to be a fluke even after allowing for how many situations were checked on this page. Anything weaker is left out, so a character with no tells listed may still have habits, just none the data can show for certain.

  • An opener is filed by what the player did first: attack (a named move or any button), move in (forward dash, forward movement or crouch dash forward), wait (guard, crouch or no input), back off (backdash, crouch dash back or backward movement) or evade. Each is also tested as the exact opener: the character's five most used, and the rest together.
  • Up to ten things known before a round starts are tested against the opener: which round it is, the opponent's character, the ring shape, how the player opened the round before and how the opponent did, whether they won or lost the round before, who landed the first hit of the round before, whether they go into it ahead, level or behind, and -- where a Shun is playing -- the drink points he starts it on: the player's own if they are Shun, the opponent's if they face one. Each is a chi-square test, divided by how much more alike the rounds of one match are than separate rounds would be, and never made more generous by it. Checked by shuffling the data so that nothing is there: the tests then find something no more often than chance allows.
  • Round results and drink points come from each match's round record, matched to its openers by the two players and the date. A match whose record is missing, lacks rounds the openers have, or does not add up to the match's result sits out of those four tests only. These four are compared only between rounds of the same number -- the score and the drinks follow from which round it is (every match starts level and on no drinks), so a pattern that is only “the first round is different” is not counted as one of theirs. Drawn rounds count toward neither side of the score, and the round after one has no previous result. Drink points are grouped as on the Shun report (none, 1–4, 5–9 and so on), with neighbouring groups joined where they are thin.
  • A character is tested with at least 300 rounds from 30 matches. Rare cases are pooled before testing, and a pattern is only named where it holds up after correcting for every test on this page (0 here; about 0.0 would come up by chance alone before the correction).

Tests behind each character's list

  • Goh: not tested (too few rounds)
  • Jean: not tested (too few rounds)
  • Aoi: not tested (too few rounds)
  • Vanessa: not tested (too few rounds)
  • Jeffry: not tested (too few rounds)
  • Shun: not tested (too few rounds)
  • Lion: not tested (too few rounds)
  • Wolf: not tested (too few rounds)
  • Pai: not tested (too few rounds)
  • Kage: not tested (too few rounds)
  • Jacky: not tested (too few rounds)
  • Akira: not tested (too few rounds)
  • Brad: not tested (too few rounds)
  • Sarah: not tested (too few rounds)
  • Lei Fei: not tested (too few rounds)
  • Lau: not tested (too few rounds)
  • Eileen: not tested (too few rounds)